Patrick Henry
| Famous as | 5th & 6th Governor of Virginia, Orator, Revolutionary leader, Prominent promoter of American Revolution and Independence |
| Born on | 29 May 1736 |
| Born in | Studley, Hanover County, Virginia |
| Died on | 06 June 1799 |
| Nationality | United States |
| Works & Achievements | Brought Virginian Independence, Spread and Greatly promoted Republicanism, Active opponent of the government corruption and Bearer of the popular thoughts on American Revolution and Independence |
Patrick Henry Childhood
Patrick Henry was born on 29 May 1736 in Studley, Hanover County,
Virginia which was under British America at that time. Henry’s father
John Henry had immigrated from Aberdeenshire, Scotland where he had
studied in King's College, Aberdeen. John had immigrated in the 1720s
and settled in Hanover County, even marrying Sarah Winston Syme (who was
also of English origin) in 1732. So Patrick descended from a high class
having ancestors from middle rank of the Virginia gentry.
Henry spent his childhood educating himself in local schools
for some years. As he grew up he was tutored by his father. Henry
failed in business which led him to marry soon. Henry married Sarah
Shelton in 1754 having six children with her. Henry’s father gifted the
couple with a big Pine Slash Farm which was more than a kilometre in its
area and six slaves as their wedding gift. Henry started his early days
as a planter. Henry’s home was destroyed in fire in 1757. Henry
reattempted to start another business which failed again. In 1760 Henry
decided to take up law as his career.
Early Career
Henry stood for his first legal case as a lawyer in 1763 with a
case which later came to be known as “Parson's Cause”. With this case
Henry stood apart and earned a name for himself as a lawyer. This case
made Henry place an argument on whether the tobacco price setting, which
was paid to clergy for their services should be done by the colonial
government or by the Crown. Henry fought his case leaving aside legal
terms and niceties. Henry won the case setting an example and initiating
a new dawn.
Political Career
In 1765 Henry got to start a new role in his career. He was
appointed into the House of Burgesses which was the legislative body of
the Virginia colony being elected from Louisa County. Henry was elected
in order to fill an empty assembly seat. During Henry’s arrival in
Williamsburg the legislature had already started its session. Henry fast
became a notable figure by introducing the Virginia Stamp Act
Resolutions. This act was proposed by Henry after just 9 days of
swearing.
Henry started to make his presence felt by debating and persuading
the House members to pass his Virginia Stamp Act. He was instrumental in
standing against the conservative House members. Henry’s move was
regarded as the most prominent anti-British American political action
taken at that point. Henry showed his loyalty to the king but his impact
making speeches formed the base for the American Revolution. Henry’s
proposals were based on principles that were well-established British
rights. The most notable speech given by Henry was, “Caesar had his
Brutus; Charles the First his Cromwell; and George the Third ....may he
profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it!” With
time Henry’s speech became more famous and legendary. However there is
much confusion as to what his exact words were. The records of Henry’s
speech are in the sole accounts of the eyewitnesses.
Role in the American Revolution
Henry took up the Virginian cause in order to create committees of
correspondence to coordinate the reaction of the colonies to the British
government. This action was in response to the pleas placed before by
Massachusetts in order to create colony committees. It was in March 1773
when Patrick Henry along with Thomas Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee
moved the Virginia House of
Burgesses to make resolutions in order to formulate a standing committee
of correspondents. With Henry’s leading role committees were set up by
each colony which made way for the formation of the First Continental
Congress in 1774. Henry was elected to this Congress.
On 23 March 1775 Henry made his very famous speech in the House of
Burgesses which was held in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
The House took much time to decide whether to appoint military forces to
confront the ever increasing British military forces. It was Henry who
decided to give his verdict in favour of military mobilization.
According to Henry's first biographer, William Wirt (who accounted
Henry’s speech at the House 42 years later) Henry had stated “Is life so
dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and
slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may
take; but as for me, Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” to which the
crowd had jumped up and shouted (according to Wirt’s record) “To Arms!
To Arms!”.
Henry was appointed as the colonel of the 1st Virginia Regiment in
August 1775. American war of Independence had started out around this
time with Henry leading a militia to fight the Royal Governor Lord
Dunmore’s forces to fix a dispute over gunpowder. This was a major event
in the American Revolution and is known as the Gunpowder Incident.
After taking the office of the first post-colonial Governor of Virginia
Henry led Virginia during the war and played an integral role in leading
his army to fight against the Cherokee Indians who were allied with the
British forces, in his several expeditions.
Henry lived in his huge 10,000-acre (40 square km) Leatherwood Plantation in Henry County,
Virginia during the war. His first cousin Ann Winston Carr and her
husband Col. George Waller also lived with Henry in the plantation
during the latter’s part stay during the war. While staying at the
plantation from 1779 to 1784 Henry had 75 slaves working under him and
he grew tobacco in his farm. Henry enjoyed warm friendship with Joseph
Martin who worked as an agent (as Henry’s directive) in the Cherokee
nation and with him Henry took part in investing in real estate. The name Henry County was named for Martin in the later years.
Henry along with James Madison got elected as founding trustees of
Hampden-Sydney College in November 1775. The college was opened for
classes on 10 November 1775. Henry made major contribution in achieving
passage for the College's Charter in 1783. His action got delayed due
to the ongoing American Revolution. Henry possibly wrote the Oath of
Loyalty towards the newly formed Republic which got included in the
charter. Henry’s seven sons attended Hampden-Sydney College.
Personal Life
Henry married Sarah Shelton in 1754 having 6 children with her. In
1771 Henry and his wife moved to their Scotchtown estate along with
their children: Martha (Patsy), Anne, Elizabeth (Betsy), John, William,
and Edmund (Neddy). Sarah got diagnosed with a mental problem which
increased with time. It was Henry’s friends and his physician, Dr.
Thomas Hinde who advised Henry to shift Sarah to a public hospital in
Williamsburg. The grim conditions of the hospital made Henry shudder and
he built a private, two-room apartment for her in the basement of
Scotchtown. Henry made sure to have everything Sarah needed for right
living, windows, fireplace and a nice bed. It was Henry or perhaps a
slave who took care of Sarah. Sarah died in 1775 without being given a
proper funeral service or a Christian burial because she was proclaimed
as “possessed by the devil” during the time’s ill notions about the
illness.
On 25 October 1777 Henry got married to his second wife Dorothea Dandridge having eleven children from this marriage.
Post Revolution Role
As the revolution came to an end Henry got elected again as the
governor of Virginia from 1784 to 1786. He refused to attend the
Constitutional Convention of 1787 as he felt that there were still
people who supported the British monarchy. Henry opposed everything that
went against basic people and state’s rights. He openly criticised the
United States Constitution. He was in the forefront in leading the
Virginia opposition as he felt that the constitutional ratification was
evil giving federal government too much power and a possibility of the
presidency taking a shape of the monarchy. Henry became a renowned
Anti-federalist and pressurized the adoption of the Bill of Rights to
incorporate it in the amended new Constitution. All his measures made
Henry stand in opposition to James Madison.
Henry represented the Virginia convention of 1788 and became a part
of the U. S. Constitution’s ratification. Henry opposed voted against
ratification. In 1789 election Henry was elected to become the elector
of the Campbell District. Henry’s district had Bedford County, Campbell
County, Charlotte County, Franklin County, Halifax County, Henry County,
Pittsylvania County, and Prince Edward County which are areas covering
the region between Danville and Lynchburg in the south of Virginia. 10
electors who voted gave one of their two votes for George Washington, 5
gave their other vote for John Adams, 3 cast theirs for George Clinton, 1
cast his vote for John Hancock and 1 cast his for John Jay. Out of all
the candidates Clinton was a leading Anti-federalist figure joining
hands with Henry.
In 1795 American President George Washington invited Henry to take
up the post of Secretary of State which was rejected by Henry because of
the latter’s opposition to Washington's Federalist policies. Gradually
Henry’s views and ideas started changing due to his realization of the
radical nature of the French Revolution which he saw declining and
feared that the same thing would come down upon his beloved America. By
late 1790s, Henry started supporting Federalist policies of Washington
and Adam.
Later Years and Death
In 1798 Henry was elected by John Adams as a special emissary to France but Henry’s health failure stalled the process. Henry showed strong support for John Marshall and got elected to the Virginia House of Delegates as a Federalist after being urged by George Washington to stand for the post. Henry was about to take his seat in the state legislature but he died three months before this as he was suffering from stomach cancer. Henry died on 6 June 1799. | ||||
Timeline: | ||||
1736 – He was born on 29 May
1754 - Henry married Sarah Shelton
1757 – Henry’s plantation home was destroyed in fire
1760 - Henry decided to take up law as his career
1763 – He represented his first legal case as a lawyer which later came to be known as “Parson's Cause”
1765 - Henry was appointed into the House of
Burgesses which was the legislative body of the Virginia colony being
elected from Louisa County
1771 - Henry and his wife moved to their Scotchtown estate along with their children
1773 - In March Patrick Henry along with Thomas
Jefferson and Richard Henry Lee moved the Virginia House of Burgesses to
make resolutions in order to formulate a standing committee of
correspondents
1774 - With Henry’s leading role committees were
set up by each colony which made way for the formation of the First
Continental Congress and Henry was elected to this Congress
1775 - Sarah died without being given a proper
funeral service or a Christian burial because she was proclaimed as
“possessed by the devil”
1775 - On 23 March Henry made his very famous
speech in the House of Burgesses which was held in Saint John's Church
in Richmond, Virginia
1775 - Henry was appointed as the colonel of the 1st Virginia Regiment in August
1775 - Henry along with James Madison got elected as founding trustees of Hampden-Sydney College in November
1775 - Sydney College was opened for classes on 10 November.
1777 - On 25 October Henry got married to his second wife Dorothea Dandridge
1783 - Henry made major contribution in achieving passage for Hampden-Sydney College's Charter
1784 to 1786 - Henry got elected again as the governor of Virginia
1787 - He refused to attend the Constitutional Convention as he felt that there were still people who supported the British monarchy
1788 - Henry represented the Virginia convention
and became a part of the U. S. Constitution’s ratification. Henry
opposed voted against ratification
1789 - Henry was elected to become the elector of the Campbell District
1790s – By late 1790s Henry started supporting Federalist policies of Washington and Adam
1795 - American President George Washington invited Henry to take up the post of Secretary of State which was rejected by Henry
1798 - Henry was elected by John Adams as a special emissary to France but Henry’s health failure stalled the process
1799 - Henry died on 6 June after suffering from stomach cancer
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